TUGAS READING 1

TITLE OF DISCUSSION TEXT: NATIONAL EXAM IN PROS AND CONS

1.THE PURPOSE OF THE TEXT IS TO PRESENT INFORMATION AND OPINIONS ABOUT NATIONAL EXAMS ISSUE

2.GENERIC STRUCTURE

ISSUE:

National exam becomes the hot topic in most of discussions. Though the Supreme Court has rejected an appeal by the go-vernment on the organization of the national exams, the controversy over whether it is necessary to maintain the national exams (UN) has continued. Some debates include the primary questions such as; does the quality of Indonesia education depend on the national exam?, will the quality of the Indonesian education system worsen without natipnal exam?

ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST:

People, who support the national exam explain that the quality of the Indonesia education system will drop without the national exam, so they try to defend the current system.
However there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against this national exam kept in our high school education say that it doesn't need the national exams because the quality of education does not just depend on the national exam. Further, the national exam only measures a small portion of students' competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students' competences throughout the semester.

CONCLUSION:

In fact, the national examination can still be useful as an instrument to evaluate or detect the level of students' cognitive competence in several subjects, on a national scale.

3.LANGUAGE FEATURES:

a.Using simple present tenses:exams,debates,questions

b.Using relating verb/to be:is

c.Using conjunction:or

4.WH QUESTIONS:

• What is the topic about?

Answer:the topic about controversy of national exams

• What is the reason who agree with national exams explain that the quality of the Indonesia education system will drop without the national exam, so they try to defend the current system.
  
  
• Why did the people disagree with national exams?

Answer:the people disagree with national exams because because the quality of education does not just depend on the national exam. Further, the national exam only measures a small portion of students' competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students' competences throughout the semester.

TUGAS READING

TITLE OF REPORT TEXT:FOOTBALL  PLAY

1.THE PUR[OSE OF THE TEXT:TO PRESENTS INFORMATION ABOUT FOOTBALL PLAY

2.GENERIC STRUCTURE:

GENERAL CLASIFICATION:

Football is a game played by two teams of eleven. They try to score by kicking or heading the ball into the other team’s goal. Ten of the players can not use their hands. The goal keeper can handle the ball to stop it going into the goal.

DESCRIPTION:

Games similar to football have been played for many centuries. The rules of the games were written down in 1863. In England, the FA ( Football Association ) cup was first played for in 1872. In the same year, England played Scotland in the first game.
Today the most important International Competition is the World Cup which takes place in every four years. Brazil and Italy have each won the world cup three times.

3.LANGUAGE FEATURES:

a.Using simple present tenses:teams,players,rules

4.WH QUESTIONS:

·        What is football?

Answer: Football is a game played by two teams of eleven. They try to score by kicking or heading the ball into the other team’s goal. Ten of the players can not use their hands.

·        Where did football play first in 1872?

Answer: In England, the FA ( Football Association ) cup was first played for in 1872

·        Who is the winner of world cup three times?

            Answer: Brazil and Italy have each won the world cup three times.

Reading Comprehension

1.Previewing

  Research shows that it is easier to understand what you are reading if you begin with a general idea what the passage is about. Previewing helps you form a general idea of the topic in your mind.

  To preview, read the title, if there is one; the first sentence of each paragraph; and the last sentence of the passage. You should do this as quickly as possible. Remember, you are not reading for specific information, but for an impression of the topic.

1.Reading for Main Ideas

  By previewing, you can form a general idea of what a reading passage is about; that is, you identify the topic. By reading for main ideas, you identify the point of view of the author—that is, what the writer’s thesis is. Specifically, what does the author propose to write about the topic? If you could reduce the reading to one sentence, what would it be?

  Questions about the main idea can be worded in many ways. For example, the following questions are all asking for the same information: (1) What is the main idea? (2) What is the subject? (3) What is the topic? (4) What would be a good title?

1.Using Contexts for Vocabulary

  Before you can use a context, you must understand what context is. In English, a context is the combination of vocabulary and grammar that surround a word. Context can be a sentence or a paragraph or a passage. Context helps you make a general prediction about meaning. If you know the general meaning of a sentence, you also know the general meaning of the words in the sentence.

  Making predictions from the contexts is very important when you are reading a foreign language. In this way, you can read and understand the meaning of a passage without stopping to look up every new word in a dictionary. On an examination like the TOEFL, dictionaries are not permitted in the room. 

1.Scanning for details

  After reading a passage, you will be expected to answer multiple-choice questions. First, read a question and find important content words. Content words are usually nouns, verbs, or adjectives. They are called content words because they contain the content or meaning of a sentence.

  Next, let you eyes travel quickly over the passage for the same content words or synonyms of the words. This is called scanning. By scanning, you can find a place in the reading passage where the answer to a question is  found. Finally, read those specific sentences carefully and choose the answer that corresponds to the meaning of the sentences you have read. 

1.Making Inferences

  Sometimes, in a reading passage, you will find a direct statement of fact. That is called evidence. But other times, you will not find a direct statement. Then you will need to use the evidence you have to make an inference. An inference is a logical conclusion based on evidence. It can be about the passage itself or about the author’s viewpoint.

1.Identifying Exceptions

  After reading a passage you will be asked to select from four possible answers the one that is NOT mentioned in the reading.

  Use your scanning skills to locate related words and phrases in the passage and the answer choices.

1.Locating References

  After reading a passage, you will be asked to find the antecedent of a pronoun. An antecedent is a word or phrase to which a pronoun refers. Usually, you will be given a pronoun such as “it”, “its”, “them”, or “their”, and you will be asked to locate the reference word or phrase in the passage.

  First, find the pronoun in the passage. Then read the sentence using the four answer choices in place of the pronoun. The meaning of the sentence in the context of the passage will not change when you substitute the correct antecedent.

1.Referring to the Passage

  After reading the passage you will be asked to find certain information in the passage, and identify it by line number.

  First, read the question. Then refer to the line numbers in the answer choices to scan for the information in the question. 

MATERI 1

STRUCTURE 1

Sebelum kita bahas tentang unsur-unsur pendukung kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris, perlu anda ketahui dahulu tentang hirarki dalam bahasa. Hirarki tersebut bisa kita lihat dalam diagram berikut.

Dari diagram diatas dapat dilihat bahwa paragraph tersusun dari kumpulan kalimat-kalimat. Kalimat (sentence) tersusun oleh klausa (clause) atau juga kalimat adalah klause itu sendiri. Sementara kalimat ataupun klausa tersusun dari frase (phrase), dan frase tersusun oleh adanya kata. Kata terdiri dari kumpulan huruf yang membentuk makna.

Dalam hal ini kita akan belajar tentang unsur pendukung kalimat atau biasa dikenal dengan Basic Sentence Pattern (Pola Kalimat Dasar).

Yang pertama-tama perlu diingat adalah adanya perbedaan antara Bahasa Inggris dengan bahasa Indonesia dalam Pola Kalimat Dasar. Perbedaannya adalah dalam bahasa Inggris setiap kalimat selalu mengandung verb (kata kerja). Ini tidak selalu kita temukan dalam bahasa Indonesia.

Sebagai contoh:

Dua-duanya memiliki Kata kerja:

Indo:

Saya minum madu setiap hari.

Inggris:

I drink honey everyday.

Dalam Bahasa Indonesia tidak memiliki kata kerja, dalam bahasa inggris memiliki kata kerja:

Indo:

Amelia gadis yang cantik.

Inggris:

Amelia is a beautiful girl.

Pada contoh  kalimat diatas bisa dilihat bahwa sebuah kalimat dalam Bahasa Inggris selalu membutuhkan verb (kata kerja).

Kata yang digarisbawahi tersebut adalah kata kerja. Kata drink adalah proper verb, sementara kata is adalah linking verb.

Jadi, bila dalam kalimat yang anda buat tidak ada kata kerjanya (kalimat nominal), maka harus anda isi kata kerjanya dengan linking verb atau be.

Be berubah sesuai dengan tenses dan subject kalimat.

Subject	Tense
	Present	Past	Perfect	Future/setelah modal
I	am	was	been	be
You	are	were	been	be
we	are	were	been	be
They	are	were	been	be
He	is	was	been	be
She	is	was	been	be
It	is	was	been	be

POLA KALIMAT DASAR

Di dalam suatu naskah pidato, karangan atau tulisan ilmiah, bisa kita temukan beberapa jenis kalimat dengan berbagai variasi bentuknya. Namun demikian kalimat-kalimat yang panjang atau kompleks sebenarnya hanyalah suatu perluasan dari kalimat-kalimat sederhana, atau kalimat dasar. Di dalam Bahasa Inggris kita mengenal pola kalimat dasar antara lain: (1) S P, (2) S P C, (3) S P O, (4) S P IO DO, (5) S P DO prep IO, dan (6) S P O C.

Adv=    time                 when

Place               where

Manner           how

Reason                        why

cause

            frequency        how often

Contoh:

1.      Subject + Predicate.

The baby is sleeping.

The visitors left.

The train has arrived.

The plane is taking off.

The convict collapsed.

2.      Subject + Predicate + Complement

The new car is expensive.

The man is a political criminal.

The people in the meeting are police officers.

Honesty is the best policy.

New theories often sound promising.

3.      Subject + Predicate + Object

Everybody is talking about the game.

The students have just finished their assignments.

Not many people master political sciences.

The students did not understand the instructions.

Some people hate politics.

4. Subject + Predicate + Indirect Object + Direct Object.

My friend sent me some postcards.

We borrow him some books.

They bought us a new computer.

The boy threw the dog a stone.

My father gave me some money.

5.      Subject + Predicate + Direct Object + Preposition + Indirect Object.

My friend sent some postcards to me.

We borrow some books from him.

They bought a new computer for us.

The boy threw a stone at the dog.

My father gave some money to me.

6. Subject + Predicate + Object + Complement.

We appointed him chairman.

She considered me brother.

He called us traitors.

We believe him true.

They thought me wrong.

LIST OF TOPICS OF STRUCTURE I

1.       Basic Sentence Patterns:

1. S+P (Int. V), S+P (LV)+C, S+P (Tr)+O, S+P(Doubl.Tr.V)+O+O, S+P (cert.tr.v)+O+C)
2. Affirmative
3. Negative,
4. Interrogative (Yes/No and Question-word Questions),
5. Imperative (form: positive, negative), (Function: Command, request).

2.       Subject (Sentence Components)

1. Pronoun
2. Noun
3. Compound Noun
4. Noun-Phrase
5. Noun-Clause
6. Gerund (gerund-phrase)
7. Infinitive (phrase)
8. Adjective
9. Prepositional phrase

3.       Object (Sentence Components)

1. Pronoun
2. Noun
3. Compound Noun
4. Noun-Phrase (Simple Construction)
5. Noun-Clause (Simple Construction)
6. Gerund (gerund-phrase)
7. Infinitive (phrase)

4.       Agreement (Concord)

1. Subject ó Predicate (concord in Person and Number)
2. Number ó Noun

                                         i.    Count-Noun and Non-count-noun

                                        ii.    Noun Determiner

                                       iii.    Collective Noun

                                      iv.    Individuals vs. collective

5.       Adverb of Manner and Adjective

1. Degrees of comparison (Adverb of Manner and Adjective)
2. Comparison Patterns and Determiner

6.       Adverbs of Time, of Frequency, of Manner, of Place, and of comment.

1. Adverb Order
2. Variation and particular cases

7.       Tenses, Adverb of Frequency and Adverb of Time

1. Present, Past, and Present Perfect

                                         i.    Affirmative

                                        ii.    Negative

                                       iii.    Interrogative

2. Past and Past Perfect

                                         i.    Affirmative

                                        ii.    Negative

                                       iii.    Interrogative

3. Future and Future Perfect

                                         i.    Affirmative

                                        ii.    Negative

                                       iii.    Interrogative

8.       Continuous Tense:

1. Present

                                         i.    Affirmative

                                        ii.    Negative,

                                       iii.    Interrogative (Yes/No and Question-word Questions)

2. Past

                                         i.    Affirmative

                                        ii.    Negative,

                                       iii.    Interrogative (Yes/No and Question-word Questions)

3. Future

                                         i.    Affirmative

                                        ii.    Negative,

                                       iii.    Interrogative (Yes/No and Question-word Questions)

9.       Tenses and Passive Voice

1. Present, Past, and Present Perfect

                                         i.    Affirmative,

                                        ii.    Negative,

                                       iii.    Interrogative

2. Past and Past Perfect

                                         i.    Affirmative,

AKU PATUT MEMBENCI DIA

mungkin aku patut membenci dia
karena mencintaimu
jujur ku katakan aku tak rela
dia curi hatimu
*courtesy of LirikLaguIndonesia.net
reff:
karena ku lebih dulu jadi kekasihmu
dan dengan sungguh mencintaimu
ku tak ingin dirinya menggantikan aku
karna ku tahu ku lebih baik dari dirinya
* aku ingin dia yang pergi jauh
pergi jauh darimu ooo
repeat *
repeat reff [2x]
mungkin aku patut membenci dia

FIVERS

saat mentari pagi
mulai menerangi bumi
kau mulai hari
*courtesy of LirikLaguIndonesia.net
dan kau langkahkan kaki
menuju saat yang kau nanti
lupakan sedih nikmati hari
* panas membakar tubuhmu tak kau rasa perih
hujan basahi tubuh tak kau rasa lagi
dinginnya malam menusuk namun kau tetap di sini
reff:
fivers tetaplah satu hati, tegakkan bendera kita
fivers tetaplah kau di sini, kibarkan bendera kita
nyalakanlah semangatmu, go! go! go! go! go! go!
meskipun banyak rintangan
tak pernah kau merasa lelah
kau tetap hadapi
terus kau langkahkan kaki
menuju saat yang kau nanti
lupakan sedih, nikmati hari
reff2:
fivers tetaplah satu hati, tegakkan bendera kita
fivers tetaplah kau di sini, kibarkan bendera kita
fivers tetaplah satu hati, tegakkan bendera kita
nyalakanlah semangatmu
repeat reff
go! go! go! go! go! go!

CEMBURUMU KELIRU

Tak semua engkau tahu
Mencari celah perasaanku
Kau keliru
*courtesy of LirikLaguIndonesia.net
Bosan ku dengan tingkahmu
Tentang aturan gilamu itu
Kau cemburu
Di hatiku bukan hanya kamu
Dia hanya sahabatku
Mungkin dia lebih mengerti aku
Kau keliru
Begitu naif dirimu
Simpan semua keluhanmu
Ahh…Haa….
Jenuh ku dengan sikapmu
Salah caramu mencintaiku
Kau cemburu
Di hatiku bukan hanya kamu
Dia hanya sahabatku
Mungkin dia lebih mengerti aku
Kau keliru
Begitu naif dirimu
Simpan semua keluhanmu
Munafik karena kamu
Hanya mungkin kau pacarku
Bukan berarti yang terakhir
Begitu naif dirimu
Simpan semua keluhanmu
Munafik karena kamu
Hanya mungkin kau pacarku
Bukan berarti yang terakhir
Bukan berarti..
Bukan berarti..
Bukan berarti yang terakhir…
Yang terakhir..

JANGAN PERNAH

angan pernah berharap
aku kan bisa tunduk padamu
ku tahu kau tak cinta
bukan berarti ku tak mampu
*courtesy of LirikLaguIndonesia.net
jangan anggap diriku
mudah ikuti kata hatimu
karena kau tak tahu
hati kecilku tak begitu
* lihatlah sedikit kekuranganmu
dan lihat sedikit kekuranganku
reff:
jangan pernah kau paksakan cinta
jangan pernah kau siakan rasa
ku percaya kamu kan bisa jalani sewajarnya
jangan kau tutup rasa
yang hanya membuat kau kan keliru
bagiku kau kan tahu
pentingnya ku saat kau jatuh
repeat *
repeat reff
sampai kapanpun kau takkan bisa merubahku
repeat reff [2x]